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What? It is not that much loss if the polarization is mismatched on linear. Maybe on Lefthand vs righthand polarisation?

It's really cool you showed this. Ive really wanted to know how the system works.

Here in Canada in 2024, we have the red screen of death. If you’re watching TV, the screen turns bright red with white letters accompanied by awful alerting tone. I find these alerts cause far more fear than the actual issue it’s trying to convey. Radio is the same misery, just audio only. As for phones we get notifications but in that case it’s a white lettering on black with the alert tones.

Thank you for your work, man. Very clear. I was surprised that the video has less than 100k views

In poor fm reception the stereo switches to mono

Hey, love the videos. I'm wondering how (or if) you deal with preprocessing audio (music or long form programs) before feeding to your processor. As in, Gain/Loudness, Normalization, RMS/LUFS. BBC and NPR are using some (imo ridiculously low) LUFS levels, and I see commercial broadcasters using everything from "Gain to -.1dB", "LUFS -16/14" or "Normalize at -3dB", to not touching the audio at all, just ripping and playing. With prerecorded audio all over the place, you can spin the dial and pick out the stations that aren't pre-processing from the folks that are, (the ones that are, aren't working their transmitter processor like a rented mule) . any thoughts or recommendations?

Cool

So the on-air talent sounds different on radio than on the phone...is this due to the audio processor...because the audio processor clears the junk and makes his voice on the air crisp and clear with clarity...am i correct

I remember the first time I replaced a 4CX7500A in a BE FM-10T when I removed the old one I noticed fingerprints all over the anode. It looks like that the previous engineer had uric acid issues or something. I decided to wear nitrile gloves while handling the new tube to avoid this.

I understood your info because of my ham radio licenses (all three licenses) . Your equipment is on a much bigger scale compared to my home shack!!! Enjoyed the video

11Kv anode voltage power output minimum 20KW 🤪😳😳 and filament is 10 volts at 140 amps. Thats not very QRP ... Thats a beast of an amplifier. The power supply must be hudge. If you got a worn tube love to have that. 73s from PD0ROH QTH EINDHOVEN Netherlands.

With 35+ years in radio (also amateur), this was a great overview with some detail that I was very impressed with...well done...Thanks

This was a very decent simplified description of processing but there is alot more to this. Most of the trouble lies within the pre emphasis curve vs the modulation control before the stereo generator receives the audio signal. Many "pirates" think they can buy a Chinese transmitter from ebay and throw a Behringer compressor before it and alls good when it does nothing for modulation control. Companies like Orban and Omnia have made good money engineering processors that combine all thats needed to tackle these issues perfectly.

Good evening we just got approved for LPFM station can you recommend the best antenna and transmitter for this class of LPFM to be able to maximize the coverage area. Thanks

Such great and high quality content. Hopefully you'll get more subs and views soon :-).

Glad someone explained this to me.

CPI Data Sheet for the 4CX20,000C shows 13kV as Absolute Maximum for a Class C Amp, grid driven. So, Harris (Gates Air) is just under the Max with 12.7kV on the Factory Test Data sheet but doesn't leave any wiggle room for when the tube starts getting a little weak & needs a little more Plate & Screen Voltage. I have switched to all Nautel transmitters at the sites I maintain.

Watch a 5 minute video on history ❌ Watch a 12 minute video about the history of an alert system ✅

_”Jesus Stick”?_ Is that because if you don’t use it, you might *MEET* Him? Personally? At His place? Or just because you might scream His name when you get zapped? Also, what is in those gas cylinders I saw earlier? Nitrogen or argon, perhaps? And for what purpose? *73 de AF6AS*

So on those little Bluetooth fm transmitters you put in your car, why aren’t they able to take your stereo Bluetooth signal and create that combined signal with left and right, then your stereo fm receiver in your car can separate them? I’ve looked for stereo Bluetooth transmitters but it’s like they don’t exist

Hi, seems back in the 70’s night time AM radio was full of distant stations I could receive clearly. Now I can hardly hear the same stations, did solid state transmitters make that much difference? Did stations reduce their power? Just wondering.

This is a field I'm actively trying to learn the ins and outs of for my job; this video provided such a great reinforcement of the tiny bit of basics I know. I'm very excited to continue to explore your channel.

Hey, cool insight, thx. I found your video looking for a history of tv broadcast play out. I’m in non-broadcast media production, but have always been intrigued by broadcast playout and knowing that once upon a time it was essentially a human being cueing physical media for live playback. Still looking for a history of that here on the TH-cams.

GSM900 sound is the same

I understand AM and FM a little better because I worked with analog music synthesizers in college. I also remember FM's ascendance in the 1970s, and how crisp and clear it was compared to AM stations.

Worked at a few am 1 kilowatt stations years ago…one at 1350 kcs. And the other 1590. This explains the 300 ft tower for 1350 and the shorter one at 1590. Great explanations. Thanks! Bob

Good stuff. I am into ham radio and especially enjoy antenna theory. 73 de WA4CIF

Used to work on commercial AM,FM, and analog TV transmitters. What I see here is very familiar to me. For the past 35 yrs and ongoing work on 250kw and 500 kw SW transmitters for VOA and Radio Marti( they broadcast to Cuba) The site is the only remaining Greenville,NC.plants A site and C site are closed C plant building is used by ECU and is their property(state,county) B plant where I am now is Radio Marti. The hv for the tubes is actually similar to what this commercial transmitter has-but VOA tubes run at much higher current.25A 12kv 250kw 16kv 55A for 500kw. As I typed this “don’t bypass interlocks on transmitters” years ago an engineer was KILLED from the bypass. The tubes used at our plant are water and vapor cooled. In older 250kw GE SW transmitters the RF driver feeding the PA is 50kw. Newer transmitters here have 2 power stages-not 3 as the older GE uses. Also SW transmitters are variable frequency. At the SW plant you tune transmitters several times a shift-each frequency change. This does cause mechanical wear on components. And of course the ground hook is your friend! USE THEM! Filament voltage on one of the VOA tubes is 14v-but over2000A-rectified filament supply! Rectifier diodes mounted on water cooled heatsinks.

I missed part of the video and dont have time to go back and check what you said about the Diamond NR770 antenna. I just want to make sure that everyone knows that this particular antenna is ground independent and needs no ground plane to operate correctly.

Yeah. Interlocks. Disabled would permit 2 transmitters on same antenna against each other... Kkk...

That's an enterprise VPN that computer catches it's IP I presume...

I presuma that computer is a part of an intranet network because if it accessible for all may be a little problematic... Kkk...

I’ve been trying to get over the broad-strokes understanding of FM stereo radio hump for like 5 years and this video finally did it. I was just looking for something to watch while I made coffee. You’re making the internet a better place, thanks!

i have always wanted to experiment with a cp antenna stack on a 440 repeater just to see what it would really do.

Awesome information!

Explain HD AM and FM. Most broadcasters have given up on HD AM

Thank you for helping me resurrect my interest in broadcasting technology. Fun stuff.

I am hooked. Thanks for the matchless overview. Seriously, you are good teacher. 73s.

I was looking at how close the back of that transmitter was to the wall. They're usually installed so there's just enough space to swing the back door open. That causes a major problem; you will have one injury turn into three. If you're in back of the transmitter and touch something that's still slightly energized, you'll burn the tips of your fingers. When you do that, you'll jerk your arm back and slam your elbow into the wall behind you. Immediately after that, you'll pull your arm forward again sharply and slam your nuckles into something inside the transmitter. Thus, one injury turns quickly into three! Our station engineer told me this story one night when I was in my late teens and working my first job (weekends) in radio. He and I were at the transmitter one night while he was repairing something. We both had a good laugh at it, but in my experiences, it's turned out to be nearly true! That engineer is in his late 80's now and we still laugh about it.

Trust me that antenna is nothing like a "turnstile" antenna. Turnstile antennas are horizontally polarized "slot" antennas usually with broad-banding wings. The slots are between the mounting pole and the bar of the wing that is closest to the pole, this at the feedpoint. Ron W4BIN (retired broadcast engineer)

So kool man

Hello. I just found your channel and subscribed. I have a question please. There is a FM station a few miles from me that the local university operates. I looked up the specs, and it says its running at 250 watts. The antenna it is broadcasting from is a few hundred feet and I noticed the radiators are placed halfway up the antenna. Why not mount them at the top for better coverage? Thank you

Jerky camera mode?

Most of this is way over my head, but I absolutely love your videos! Please don't stop sharing this kind of thing!

I knew a few people with 2 of these tubes in a mono banded amplifer.

Uhf stations use mega watts, please explain

W about TV stations

so much country lmao

i use nokia 6310 (really)

I have always wondered how this worked. Great video, thank you!