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Timeline: U1: 00:00 U3: 01:03 U4: 02:34 U5: 04:01 U6: 05:12 U7: 06:35 U8: 08:02 U10: 09:09 U11: 10:15 U12: 11:37 U14: 12:52

UNIT 15: The Financial markets Short question: 1, What is a primary market? A primary market is a financial market in which fresh securities are issued. Thị trường sơ cấp là một thị trường tài chính trong đó chứng khoán mới được phát hành 2, What is long term debt instrument? Long term debt instrument is the debt instrument when its maturity is 10 years or longer. Công cụ nợ dài hạn là công cụ nợ mà có thời hạn thanh toán là 10 năm hoặc hơn 3, What is money market? The money market is a financial market in which only short-term debt instrument are traded. Thị trường tiền tệ là một thị trường tài chính mà trong đó chỉ có các công cụ nợ ngắn hạn được trao đổi 4, What is capital market? The capital market is the market in which long-term debt are equity instrument are traded. Thị trường vốn là thị trường mà trong đó các công cụ nợ và chứng khoán vốn dài hạn được giao dịch. 5, What is a securities market? The securities market is the market in which securities are exchanged. Thị trường chứng khoán là thị trường mà trong đó chứng khoán được trao đổi. Free talk: 1, What is debt intrument? Debt instrumetn is a contractual agreement by the borrower to pay holder of instrument fixed dollar amount a regular interal a specificed date. Công cụ nợ là một hợp đồng của người đi vay để trả cho người giữ tài sản bằng đồng đô la cố định trong khoảng thời gian định kì vào một ngày cụ thể. 2, Why is money market safer and more liquid than capital market? Money market is safer because short-term securities have smaller fluctuation in prices than long-term securities. Money market is more liquid because short-term securities are widely traded compared to long-term securities. Thị trường tiền tệ an toàn hơn bởi vị chúng khoán ngắn hạn có sự biến động nhỏ về giá cả hơn chứng khoán dài hạn. Thị trường tiền tệ có tính thanh khoản hơn vì chứng khoán ngắn hạn được giao dịch rộng rãi so với chứng khoán dài hạn. 3,What is a short-term debt instrument? A short-term debt instrument is the debt instrument when its maturity is less than a year. 4, What is a secondary market ? A secondary market is a financial market in which securities that have been previously issued can be resold. Thị trường thứ cấp là thị trường tài chính trong đó giao dịch mua bán lại các chứng khoán đã được phát hành trước đây. ************************************************************* 1, What is GDP? GDP is the monetary value of all goods and services produced within a country’s border in a year. GDP là giá trị tiền tệ của tât cả hàng hóa và dịch vụ được sản xuất trong phạm vi lãnh thổ một quốc gia trong một năm 2, What is GNP? Gross national product is the market value of all products and services produced in one year by labor and property supplied by the citizens of a country. Tổng sản phẩm quốc nội là giá trị thị trường của tất cả các sản phẩm và dịch vụ được sản xuất trong một năm bởi lao dộng và tài sản do công dân của một quốc gia cung cấp. 3, what is the different between GDP and GNP? GDP refers to and measures the domestic levels of production, whereas GNP measures the levels of productions of any person or corporation of a country. GDP đề cập đến và đánh giá mức sản xuất trong nước trong khi GNP đo lường mức độ sản xuát của bất kì cá nhân hoặc công ty nào của một quốc gia 4, What is CPI? CPI is a measure that examines the weighted average of prices of a basket of consumer goods and servies such as transportation food, medicare. Chỉ số giá tiêu dùng là mộ biện pháp kiểm tra mức bình quân gia quyền của giá của một giỏ hàng hóa và dịch vụ tiêu dùng như thực phẩm vận chuyển, thuốc men. 5, What is trade surplus? Trade surplus is an economic measure of a positive balance of trade where a country’s export exceed its import. Thặng dư thương mại là một biện pháp kinh tế của sự cân bằng thương mại tích cực khi xuất khẩu của một quốc gia vượt quá mức nhập khẩu. 6, What is trade deficit? Trade deficit is the opposite of trade surplus. It means import more than its export. 7, What is the difference between tax evasion and tax avoidance? Tax evasion is illegal while tax avoidance is legal. 8, What is the difference between bottom-up and top-down? Bottom-up researches from particular to general whereas top-down researches from general to particular. 9, why is equity instrument considered as long-term instrument? Because it doesn’t have maturity date. Bởi vì nó không có ngày đáo hạn

UNIT 14: THE FOREIGN EXCHANGE MARKET Short questions: 1, What is the foreign exchange maket? The foreign exchange market is the market in which such national currencies are exchanged. Thị trường ngoại hối là thị trường mà trong đó các đồng tiền quốc gia được trao đổi. 2, What are two types of transactions in the foreign exchange market? They are spot transaction and forward transactions. Chúng là các giao dịch tức thì và giao dịch có kỳ hạn. 3, What is a spot transaction? A spot transactions is an actual exchange of currencies two business days later. Giao dịch tức thì là sự trao đổi tiền tệ thực tế sau 2 ngày làm việc 4, What is a forward transation? Forward transations involve a delivery date further into the future, a year or more Giao dịch có kỳ hạn liên quan đến một ngày giao hàng trong tương lai, từ một năm trở lên. 5, How do commercial banks make profits? Commercail banks make profits from the difference between buying rates and selling rates. Ngân hàng thương mại thu lợi nhuận từ chênh lệch giữa tỷ giá mua và tỷ giá bán. Summary: Unit 14 talks about the foreign exchange market. It has 4 main ideas: Firstly, it talks about the definition of foreign exchange market. The foreign exchange market is the market in which such national currencies are exchanged. Secondly, it talks about features of the foreign exchange market. It is not an organized market in fixed hour and a physical meeting place. The foreign exchange market is an over-the -counter market, the primary communication instruments being the telephone and the computer. And the market has developed rapidly in the past quarter century. Thirdly, it talks about two types of transactions. + Spot transactions are undertaken for an actual exchange of currencies 2 business days later. + Forward transactions involves a delivery date further into the future. Finally, it talks about participants of the foreign exchange market. They are Customers as multinational corporations, market makers as banks, and broker as specialist companies. Free talk: 1, How does the foreign exchange market operate? The foreign exchange market is an over-the-counter market. It is not an organized market with fixed hours and a physical meeting place. The main communication instruments are telephones and computers. Thị trường ngoại hối là một thị trường phi tập trung . Nó không là một thị trường tập trung với thời gian cố định và địa điểm giao dịch cụ thể. Các công cụ giao tiếp chính là điện thoại và máy tính. 2, What are different groups of participants in the foreign exchange market? They are: - Market maker (central banks) nhà hoạch định thị trường - Customers (multinational companies, import-export companies, individuals) Khách hàng ( công ty đa quốc gia, công ty nhập -xuất khẩu, cá nhân) - Dealer (banks) người bán buôn - Brokers. Người môi giới

UNIT 12: Monetary policy Short questions: 1, What are three quantitative tools of monetary policy? Three quantitative tools of monetary policy are reserve requirement, discount rate and open market operation. 3 công cụ định lượng của chính sách tiền tệ là yêu cầu dự trữ bắt buộc, tỷ lệ chiết khấu và nghiệp vụ thị trường mở. 2, What is reserve requirement ? Reserve requirement refers to the percentage the Fed set as the minimum amount of reserves as banks must have. Yêu cầu dự trữ bắt buộc đề cập đến tỷ lệ phần trăm mà Fed ấn định là số tiền dự trữ tối thiểu phải có của một ngân hàng 3, What is discount rate? Discount rate is the rate of interest the Fed charges other banks for loans. Tỷ lệ chiết khấu là mức lãi suất là Fed tính cho các khoản vay 4, What is an expansionary monetary policy? The monetary policy is expansionary when the money supply is increased. Chính sách tiền tệ nới lỏng khi lượng cung tiền tăng 5, What is a restrictive monetary policy? The monetary policy is restrictive when the money supply is reduced. Chính sách tiền tệ thắt chặt khi lượng cung tiền giảm 6, What does open market operation mean? It means the Fed’s buying and selling government securities. Đó nghĩa là việc mua hoặc bán chứng khoán chính phủ của Fed. Summary: Unit 12 talks about monetary policy. It has 3 main ideas. Firstly, it talks about objectives of monetary policy. By adjusting the money supply, the main objectives of monetary policy are to promote economic growth,reduce unemployment and control inflation. Secondly, it talks about quantitative tools Three major tools of monetary policy are reserve requirement, discount rate and open market operations. Finally, it talk about 2 types of moneytary policy . +Expansionary monetary policy : The monetary policy is expansionary when the money supply is increased. The monetary policy should be expansionary when unemployment is high or the economic growth rate is low. +Restrictive monetary policy: The monetary policy is restrictive when the money supply is reduced. The monetary policy should be restrictive when the economy is overheating. Free talk: 1, What is an expansionary monetary policy? Under what: circumstances should monetary policy be expansionary? ( những tình huống nào mà chính sách tiền tệ nên được nới lỏng) The monetary policy should be expansionary when the money supply is increased. The monetary policy should be expansionary when unemployment is high or the economic growth rate is low. The central bank runs an expansionary monetary policy by reducing reserve requirement or reducing discount rate or buying government securities

UNIT 11: MONEY AND ITS FUNCTION Short questions: 1, what is the concept of money? Money is a commodity accepted by general consent as a medium of economic exchange. Tiền là một loại hàng hóa được chấp nhận bởi sự tán thành chung như một trung gian để trao đổi kinh tế 2, What are the functions of money? Four functions of money are medium of exchange; measure of value; store of value and standard of defferred payments. Bốn chức năng của tiền là phương tiện trao đổi, thước đo giá trị, phương tiện cất trữ giá trị và bản vị thanh toán chậm 3, What is a medium of exchange? A medium of exchange is anything that is widely accepted in payment for goods and services and in settlement of debts. Phương tiện trao đổi là bất cứ thứ gì được chấp nhận rộng rãi trong thanh toán hàng hóa và dịch vụ và trong thanh toán các khoản nợ. 4, what are two types of money? Two types of money are commodity money and token money Tiền có 2 loại là tiền hàng và tiền quy ước. 5, Give some examples of token money? Some examples of token money are coins, banknotes, checks so on. Vài ví dụ về tiền quy ước là tiền xu, phiếu ngân hàng,.. 6, How is money used as a medium of exchange/ a unit of account/ a store of value /a standard of defferred payments. As a medium of exchange, money is a medium through which people exchange for goods and services. Khi là phương tiện trao đổi, tiền là phương tiện mà qua đó con người có thể trao đổi hàng hóa và dịch vụ As a unit of account, money is used to measure value of goods and services in units of account such as dollar, yen, euro so on. Khi là thước đo giá trị, tiền được sử dụng để đo lường giá trị của hàng hóa và dịch vụ qua các đơn vị đo lường như dollar, yen, euro.. As a store of value, money can be used to make purchase in the future. Khi là phương tiện cất trữ giá trị, tiền có thể được sử dụng để mua sắm trong tương lai As a standard of defferred payments, money is used to settle debts in the future. Khi là bản vị thanh toán châm, tiền được sử dụng để thanh toán các khoản nợ trong tương lai Summary: Unit 11 talks about money and its functions. It has 3 main ideas. Firstly, it talks about the definition of money. Money is a commodity accepted by general consent as a medium of economic exchange Secondly, it taks abut 4 functions of money. As a medium of exchange, money is a medium through which people exchange for goods and services. As a unit of account, money is used to measure value of goods and services in units of account such as dollar, yen, euro so on. As a store of value, money can be used to make purchase in the future As a standard of defferred payments, money is used to settle debts in the future. Finally, it talks about 2 kinds of money. Commodity money: The value of commodity money is equal to the value of the material contained in it. Examples of commodity of money are gold, silver, copper, so on. Token money: The purchasing power of token money greatly exceeds its material value. Examples of token money are coins, banknotes, checks, so on. Free talk: 1, What are some differences between commodity money and token money? -Commodity money: The value of commodity money is equal to the value of the material contained in it. Examples of commodity of money are gold, silver, copper, so on. Tiền hàng: Giá trị của đồng tiền hàng hóa tương đương với giá trị của nguyên vật liệu cấu thành nó. Ví dụ về tiền hàng là vàng, bạc, đồng… -Token money: The purchasing power of token money greatly exceeds its material value. Examples of token money are coins, banknotes, checks, so on. Tiền quy ước: Sức mua của đồng tiền quy ước vượt quá giá trị nguyên vật liệu cấu thành nó. Ví dụ của tiền quy ước là tiền xu, phiếu ngân hàng, … 2, What is the concept of commodity money? Commodity money is a useful good that serves as a medium of exchange. Tiền hàng là một phương tiện trao đổi hàng hóa hữu ích. 3, What is the concept of token money? Token money is a means of payment whose value or purchasing power as money greatly exceeds its cost of production or value in uses other than as money. Tiền quy ước là phương tiện thanh toán mà giá trị hoặc sức mua bằng tiền vượt quá chi phí làm ra nó hoặc giá trị của trong các mục đích sử dụng không phải là tiền. 4, What is the concept of unit of account? Unit of account is the unit in which prices are quoted and account are kept. Đơn vị tiền tệ là đơn vị mà tại đó giá cả được niêm yết hoặc giá trị được lưu trữ.

UNIT 10: INSURANCE Short questions: 1, What does the insured received when a loss occurs? (người mua bảo hiểm nhận được gì khi tổn thất xảy ra) The insured receives a promise from the insurance system to be compensated when a loss occurs. =>Người mua bảo hiểm nhận được 1 lời hứa từ hệ thống bảo hiểm để đền bù khi tổn thất xảy ra. 2, What is definition of insurance? (định nghĩa của bảo hiểm) Insurance is a financial arrangement that redistributes the cost of unexpected losses. =>Bảo hiểm là 1 hợp đồng tài chính nhằm phân phối lại chi phí tổn thất ngoài dự kiến. 3, What does “compensation” mean? (bồi thường nghĩa là gì) Compensation means the amount of money that the insurer pays for the insured when a loss actually occurs. =>Bồi thường là 1 khoản tiền mà người bán bảo hiểm trả cho người mua bảo hiểm khi 1 tổn thất thực sự xảy ra. 4, What is an insurance policy? (hợp đồng bảo hiểm là gì) An insurance policy is a financial agreement signed between the insurance company and the insured. =>Một hợp đồng bảo hiểm là 1 hợp đồng tài chính được kí kết giữa công ty bảo hiểm và người mua bảo hiểm 5, What does “insurance premium” mean? ( Phí bảo hiểm là gì) Insurance premium is the regular payments that the insured pays for the insurance company. =>Phí bảo hiểm là khoản thanh toán thường xuyên mà người mua bảo hiểm trả cho công ty bảo hiểm 6, Why are people willing to pay insurance premium? People are willing to pay an insurance premium to be relieved of uncertainty about a losss, as well as to be compensated when the actually occurs. Even no loss occurs, thay have still certain benefits such as eliminated unpleasant mental state, the anxiety about loss. =>Mọi người sẵn sàng đóng phí bảo hiểm để giảm bớt sự không chắc chắn về thiệt hại, cũng như được bồi thường khi sự mất mát thực sự xảy ra. Thậm chí không có mất mát xảy ra, họ vẫn nhận được một số lợi ích như loại bỏ trạng thái tinh thần khó chịu, lo lắng về mất mát. Summary: Unit 10 has 3 main ideas: Firstly, the author introduces the definition of insurance. Insurance is a financial arrangement that redistributes the cost of unexpected losses. Secondly, the article talks about the operation of insurance system. +losses can be predicted in advance, it allows the cost of losses to be financed and redistributed in advance. + In exchange for the payment of the premium, the insured receives a promise from the insurance system to be compensated when a loss occurs. +People are willing to pay an insurance premium to be relieved of uncertainty about a losss, as well as to be compensated when the actually occurs. Even no loss occurs, thay have still certain benefits such as eliminated unpleasant mental state, the anxiety about loss. Finally, it talks about the difference between insurance and gambling. Insurance is not like gambling beuase insurance is legal and gambling is illegal. Free talk: 1, what are the roles of insurance? 2, What does an insurance policy involve? An insurance policy is a financial agreement signed between the insurance company and the insured. It involves the information about the responsibilities and benefits for the insured and the insurance company. =>Một hợp đồng bảo hiểm là 1 hợp đồng tài chính được kí kết giữa công ty bảo hiểm và người mua bảo hiểm. Nó bao gồm thông tin về những trách nhiệm và lợi ích cho người mua bảo hiểm và công ty bảo hiểm.

UNIT 8: TAXATION. Short questions: 1, What is tax evasion? ( trốn thuế là gì?) Tax evasion is making false declarations to the tax authorities. Trốn thuế là việc khai báo sai tới các nhà chức trách thuế. 2, What are tax heavens? (thiên đường thuế là gì) Tax heavens are countries with low tax rates. Thiên đường thuế là các quôc gia có mức thuế thấp. 3, What do criminal organizations tend to do to disguise the origin of money? (các tổ chức phạm tội có xu hướng che giấu nguồn gốc của tiền như thế nào) Criminal organizations tend to pass money through a series of companies in very complicated transactions. Các tổ chức phạm tội có xu hướng chuyển tiền qua hàng loạt các công ty trong các giao dịch rất phức tạp. 4, What is individual income tax? (thuế thu nhập cá nhân là gì) Individual income tax is the tax imposed on personal incomes. Thuế thu nhập cá nhân là thuế đánh vào thu nhập cá nhân. 5, What is corporate income tax? (thuế thu nhập doanh nghiệp là gì) Corporate income tax is the tax imposed on corporate incomes. Thuế thu nhập doanh nghiệp là thuế đánh vào thu nhập của doanh nghiệp. 6, What is payroll tax? (Thuế bảng lương là gì) Payroll tax is the tax imposed on salaries of wages of employees. Thuế bảng lương là thuế đánh vào lương của người lao động. 7, What is customs duty? (Thuế hải quan là gì) Customs duty is the tax imposed on imports and exports. Thuế hải quan là thuế đánh vào hàng hóa nhập khẩu và hàng hóa xuất khẩu. 8, What is capital gain tax? (Thuế thu được từ bán tài sản là gì) Capital gain tax is the tax imposed on profits made by selling assets. Thuế thu được từ bán tài sản là thuế đánh vào lợi nhuận từ việc bán tài sản. 9, What is excise tax? (Thuế tiêu thụ đặc biệt là gì) Excise tax is the tax imposed on special goods and service like beer, alcohols, so on. Thuế tiêu thụ đặc biệt là thuế đánh vào hàng hóa và dịch vụ đặc biệt như bia, cồn … 10, What is a progressive tax? Progressive tax is a tax levied at a higher rate on higher incomes. Thuế lũy tiến là thuế đánh cao hơn đối với mức thu nhập cao hơn 11, What is a regressive tax? Regressive tax is a tax where lower-income entities pay a higher fraction of their income in taxes than do higher-income entities. Thuế lũy thoái là thuế mà các tổ chức có thu nhập thấp trả phần thuế lớn hơn các tổ chức có thu nhập cao hơn. 12, What is a direct tax? Give examples. -A direct tax is a tax that is directly paid to the government by the taxpayer. It is levied directly on the income or profits of the person or the company that pays it, rather than on goods or services. A direct tax is any tax levied on companies or individuals that cannot be transferred to another party. -Examples: personal, corporate and property taxes, income tax, wealth, import and export duties. -Thuế trực tiếp là thuế do chính người nộp thuế nộp trực tiếp cho chính phủ. Nó được đánh trực tiếp vào thu nhập hoặc lợi nhuận của cá nhân hoặc công ty mà trả thuế., chứ không phải hàng hóa hoặc dịch vụ. Thuế trực tiếp là thuế đánh trực tiếp và cá nhân và công ty mà không mà không thể chuyển giao cho bên khác. -ví dụ: thuế cá nhân, doanh nghiệp và tài sản, thuế thu nhập, tài sản và thuế xuất nhập khẩu. 13, what is an indirect tax? Give examples -An indirect tax is a tax charged on a person who consumes the goods and services and is paid indirectly to the government by producers. -Examples: duties on cigarttes, alcohol and fuel and VAT, sales tax, excise duties, services tax.. -Thuế gián tiếp là thuế đánh vào người tiêu thụ hàng hóa và dịch vụ được các nhà sản xuất trả hộ thuế gián tiếp cho chính phủ. -ví dụ: thuế đánh vào thuốc lá, cồn, nhiên liệu và thuế giá trị gia tăng, thuế doanh thu, thuế tiêu thụ đặc biệt, thuế dịch vụ… 14, What is capital transfer tax? Capital transfer tax is the tax imposed on gifts and inheritances over a certain value. Thuế chuyển nhượng vốn là thuế đối với quà tặng và thừa kế trên một giá trị nhất định. 15, What is tax avoidance? Tax avoidance is reducing the amount of tax you pay to a legal minimum. Tránh thuế là giảm số tiền thuế là bạn phải trả ở một mức tối thiểu hợp pháp. 16, What is value-added tax? Value-added tax is a tax collected at each stage of production, excluding the already-taxed costs from previous stages. Thuế giá trị gia tăng là thuế thu được ở từng giai đoạn sản xuất, không bao gồm chi phí đã đóng thuế từ các giai đoạn trước. 17, What are tax deductibles? Tax deductibles are the amount that can be subtracted from the income on which tax is calculated. Khoản khấu trừ thuế là số tiền có thể trừu vào thu nhập tính thuế. 18, What is tax shelter? Tax shelter is the way individuals can postpone the payment of tax by using life insurance policies, pension plans and other investments. Nơi trú ẩn thuế là cách để cá nhân có thể trì hoãn việc thanh toán thuế bằng cách sử dụng các chính sách bảo hiểm nhân thọ, các chương trình hưu trí, và các khoản đầu tư khác. Summary: The main function of taxation are to raise revenue to finance government expenditure, to dissuade people from smoking, drinking alcohol, to redistribute weath among people in the society. People evade taxes in some ways. Self-employed people have undeclared their incomes. Many people have undeclared their part-time jobs. Criminal organization tend to pass money through a series of companies in very complicated transactions in order to disguise its origin from tax inspectors. People avoid paying taxes in some ways: +Employees recieve perks such as cars, health insurance, subsidezed lunches. Life insurance policies, pension plans, other investments can help people postpone the payment of tax. + Multinational companies set up their head office in countries with low tax rates. Chức năng chính của thuế là tăng nguồn thu nhập để tài trợ các chi tiêu của chính phủ, ngăn cản mọi người hút thuốc lá, uống rượu, phân chia lại của cải giữa mọi người trong xã hội. Mọi người trốn thuế qua một số cách như: những người tự làm chủ đã không công khai thu nhập của họ. Nhiều người không công khia việc làm thêm của họ. Các tổ chức phạm tội có xu hướng chuyển tiền qua hàng loạt các công ty trong các giao dịch rất phức tạp để che giấu nguồn gốc của tiền với các thanh tra thuế. Mọi người tránh việc trả thuế bằng 1 số cách như: + Người lao động nhận bổng lộc như xe ô tô, bảo hiểm sức khỏe, trợ cấp bữa trưa. Chính sách bảo hiểm nhân thọ, kế hoạch hưu trí, và các khoản đầu tư khác có thể giúp họ trì hoãn việc thanh toán thuế. + Các công ty đa quốc gia thành lập trụ sở chính của họ ở những quốc gia có mức thuế thấp. Free talk: 1, What is tax? Tax is an amount of money that you have to pay to the government so that it can pay for public services. Thuế là một khoản tiền mà bạn phải trả cho chính phủ để có thể chi trả cho các dịch vụ công cộng. 2, By What way does the people evade taxes? People evade taxes in someways. Self-employed people have underclared their incomes. Many people have underclared their part-time jobs. Criminal organization tend to pass money through a series of companies in very complicated transactions in order to disguise its origin from tax inspectors. 3, By what way does the people avoid taxes? People avoid paying taxes in some ways: +Employees recive perks such as cars, health insurance, subsidezed lunches. Life insurance policies, pension plans, other investments can help people postpone the payment of tax. + Multinational companies set up their head office in countries with low tax rates.

UNIT 7: FISCAL POLICY Short question: 1, What is fiscal policy concerned with? Fiscal policy is concerned with taxation and government spending. 2, What is deficit spending? It is harmful or helpful? Deficit spending is spending funds obtained by borrowing or printing instead of taxation. Deficit spending can be either helpful or harmful for the economy. -Deficit spending is helpful for the economy when unemployment is high or the economy is slowing down. -Deficit spending is harmful for the economy when inflation is high or the economy is overheating. 3, When is fiscal policy expansionary? Fiscal policy is expansionary when taxation is reduced or public spending is increased. 4, When is fiscal policy contrationary? Fiscal policy is contractionary when taxation is increased or public spending is decreased. 5, When is there a deficit? When the government spends more than it receives from taxation. 6, What factors should be considered in making decisions on the fiscal policy? Internal factors include economic growth, unemployment political considerations, natural disasters, so on. External factors include fiscal policies of other countries, requirement of IMF. 7, How does the government do to finance deficit? Deficits can be financed in tow ways: borrowing money or printing more money. 8, Why should the government consider fiscal policy of other countries? Because the fiscal policy of other countries may tempt companies to relocate by offering them generous tax programs or other government - controlled benefits. Bởi vì chính sách tài khóa của các nước khác có thể khiến các công ty phải di dời với việc cung cấp cho họ các chương trình thuế hào phóng hoặc các khoản trợ cấp do chính phủ kiểm soát. Summary: Unit 7 talks about fiscal policy. It has 4 main ideas: Firstly, it talks about the definition and aims of fiscal policy: + Fiscal policy is concerned with taxation and government spending. +The main objectives of fiscal policy are to promote economic growth, reduce unemployment or control inflation. Secondly, it talks about 2 types of fiscal policy. Fiscal policy can be either expansionary or contractionary. Fiscal policy is expansionary when taxation is reduced or public spending is increased. Fiscal policy is contractionary when taxation is increased or public spending is decreased. Thirdly, it talks about factors of fiscal policy When making decisions on fiscal policy, internal factors such as economic growth, unemployment political considerations, natural disasters and external factors such as fiscal policies of other countries, requirement of IMF. Finally, it talks about deficit spending. Deficit spending is spending funds obtained by borrowing or printing instead of taxation. Deficit spending can be either helpful or harmful for the economy. Free talk: 1, Under what circumstances can fiscal policy be expansionary?/ contractionary? Why? -A fiscal policy is expansionary when government spending is increased or taxation is reduced. An expansionary fiscal policy should be used when unemployment is high or economy is slowing down. Because, An expansionary fiscal policy is used to create job, increase spending and develop the economy. - Fiscal policy is contractionary when taxation is increased or public spending is decreased. An contractionary fiscal policy should be used when inflation is too high or the economy is growing too fast. Because, an contractionary fiscal policy is used to restrict demand, countrol inflation and slow down the economy.

UNIT 6: Public Finance Short questions: 1, What is public finance concernded with?  Public finance is concernded with how the government raises and spends their money.  Tài chính công liên quan đến cách mà chính phủ huy động và sử dụng tiền của họ 2, Where do tax revenues come from? (= what are the main sources of government’s revenue?)  Tax revenues come from three major sources: income taxes, corporate income taxes and payroll taxes.  Các khoản thu thuế đến từ 3 nguồn chính: thuế thu nhập cá nhân, thuế thu nhập doanh nghiệp và thuế lương. 3, How are trust funds used?  Trust funds can be used only to pay for specific programs such as social security and medicare.  Quỹ tín thác có thể được sử dụng để chi trả cho các chương trình cụ thể như an sinh xã hội và chăm sóc y tế. 4, By what way does the treasury borrow money?  The treasury borrows money by issuing bonds and other types of securities.  Bộ tài chính vay vốn bằng cách phát hành trái phiếu và các loại chứng khoán khác 5, Who does the government owe money to?  The government can owe money to its citizen, foreigners, other governments or international financial institutions.  Chính phủ có thể nợ tiền từ công dân của họ, người nước ngoài, các chính phủ khác hoặc các tổ chức tài chính quốc tế. 6, What is debt held by the public?  Debt held by the public is the total amount the government borrows from all of its creditors in the general public  Nợ từ công chúng là tổng số tiền mà chính phủ nợ tất cả các chủ nợ trong công chúng. 7, What is debt held by federal accounts?  Debt held by the federal accounts is the amount of money that the Treasury has borrowed from the surplus of trust funds.  Nợ tài khoản liên bang là tổng số tiền mà bộ tài chính nợ từ thặng dư của quỹ tín thác. Summary: Unit 6 talks about public finance. Public finance is concernded with how the government raises and spends their money. Unit 6 has 4 mian ideas: Firstly, it talks about te Federal budget. Federal budget comes from different kinds of taxes, among them, there are 3 main sources: income taxes, corporate income taxes and payroll taxes. Secondly, it talks about 2 kinds of funds from taxation. +federal funds are genral evenues that fund the government in general. +Trust funds can be used only to pay for very specific programs such as social security and medicare. Income taxes and corporate taxes are designated as ferderal funds while payroll taxes become trust fund. Thirdly, it talks bout Borrowing +When all taxes for a given year ar insufficient to cover all of the government’s expense, the Treasury borrows amoney to make up the difference. +The Treasudy borrows money by issuing bonds and other types of securities Finanlly, it talks aout Federal debt. The Federal debt is the sum of the debt held by the public plus the debt held by federal account. Free talk: 1, By what way does the treasury raise money? The treasury raises money by two ways: the first way is colleting taxes, the second way is borrowing money by issuing bonds or borrowing from the surplus of trust fund.  Bộ tài chính huy động vốn bằng 2 cách: cách thứ nhất là thu thế, cách thứ hai là vay tiền bằng việc phát hành trái phiếu hoặc vay từ thặng dư của quỹ tín thác. 2, American government’s revenue from taxation can be divided into 2 types. What are they? (= what are two types of funds from taxation in America?) They are federal fund and trust funds. 3, What are tow types of American government’s debt? They are debt held by the public and debt held by the federal accounts.

Unit 5: Demand and supply Short question: 1, What are demand?  Demand refers to all possible quantities of goods and services that buyer are able and willing to buy at all possible prices. 2, What are shift factors of demand?  They are society’s income, prices of other goods, expectations and tastes. 3, What is quantity demanded?  Quantity demanded is the specific amount of goods and services that buyer are willing and able to buy at a certain price. 4, How do prices influence its quantity demanded?  When other things are constant, if price of a good increases, the quantity demanded will decrease and vice versa. 5, What is supply?  Supply refers to all possible quantities of goods and services that seller are able and willing to sell at all possible prices. 6, What are shift factors of supply?  They are prices of inputs, technology, taxes, and supllier’s expectations. 7, What is quantity supplied?  Quantity supplied is the specific amount of goods and services that sellers are willing and able to sell at a certain price. 8, How do prices influence its quantity supplied?  When other things are constant, if price of a good increases, the quantity supplied will increase and vice versa. 9, When is a market in equilibrium?  A market is in equilibrium when the quantity demanded is equal to quantity supplied at a certain price. Summary: Unit 5 talks about demand and supply. There are 4 main ideas. Firstly, it talks about the influence of price. If a price of a good and service increases, the quantity demanded will derease and the quantiy supplied will increase and vice versa. Secondly, It talk about shift-factors. +Shift-factors of demand: society’s income, prices of other goods, buyer’s expectations and tastes. +Shift-factors of supply: prices of inputs, technology, taxes and suppliers’ expectation. Thirdly, It talks about demand and supply curve. +A change in price will cause a movement along a given demand curve or supply curve. +A change in one of the shift-factors will shift the demand curve or supply curve to the left or to the right Finally, It talks about equilibrium. Equilibrium is a situation in which there is no tendency for change. A market is in equilibrium when the quantity demanded is equal to quantity supplied at a certain price. Free talk: 1, What is the difference between demand and quantity demanded? -Demand refers to all possible quantities of goods and services that buyer are able and willing to buy at all possible prices. - Quantity demanded is the specific amount of goods and services that buyer are willing and able to buy at a certain price Demand is illustrated in a graph by the whole demand curve while quantity demand is illustrated in a graph by a point of demand curve. 2, What is the difference between supply and quantity supplied? - Supply refers to all possible quantities of goods and services that seller are able and willing to sell at all possible prices. - Quantity supplied is the specific amount of goods and services that sellers are willing and able to sell at a certain price. Supply is illustrated in a graph by the whole supply curve while quantity supplied is illustrated in a graph by a point of supply curve/

Unit: 4 Macroeconomics Short question: 1,What is the goal of macroeconomics?  The goal of macroeconomics is to look at overall economic trends, such as employment levels, economic growth, balance of payments, inflation and so on. 2, What do macroeconomic factors include?  Macroeconomic factors include inflation, economic growth, unemployment, internation business, so on. 3,What are 2 majoy macroeconomic policies ? What are the objectives of these policies?  Two major macroeconomic policies are monetary policy and fiscal policy. The main objectives of these two policies are to promote economic growth and to keep inflation under control . 4, What are the main tools of monetary policy ?  They are reserve requirement, discount rate and open market operations. 5, What are the main tools of fiscal policy?  They are taxation and government spending. 6, Why is it said that microeconomics and macroeconomics are interdependent and complement one another?  Because there are many overlapping issues between the two fields. 7, what is GDP? GDP is the total value of all goods and services produced by a country in a year. (GDP là tổng giá trị của tất cả các hàng hóa và dịch vụ được sản xuất bởi một quốc gia trong một năm. ) 8, What is inflation ? Inflation is a general increase in prices and fall in the purchasing value of money. (Lạm phát là sự tăng lên của giá và sự giảm đi của giá trị mua vào của tiền. ) 9, what does marcoeconomics study? Macroeconomics studies government and country’s decision. Summary: Unit 4 talks about macroeconomics. There are 4 main ideas: Firstly, it talks about the definition of macroecnomics: Macroeconomics is a branch of economics that studies the economic activity of an entire country and economy-wide phenomena. Secondly, it talks about the goals of macroeconomics. Macroeconomics looks at overall economic trends, such as employment levels, economic growth, balance of payments, inflation and so on. Thirdly, it talks about the policies of macroeconomics : +Monetary policy which controls a nation’s money supply is supervised by each country’s Central Bank +Fiscal policy which controls a government’s revenue and spending is in the hand of the Ministry of finance. The objectives of these policies are to promote economic growth and keep inflation under control. Finally, it talks about the differences of macroeconomics and microeconomics. Microeconomic is generally the study of individuals and business decisions while macroeconomic looks at higher up country and government decisions and so on. However, they are actually interdependent and complement one another since there are overlapping issues between 2 fields. Free talk: What are differences between microeconomics and macroeconomics? Microeconomics is the study of individuals and business decisions while macroeconomics looks at higher up country and government dicisions. Some issues in microeconomics are price, demand, supply. Some issues in macroeconomics are inflation, economic growth, GDP… Microeconomics uses bottom-up approach but macroeconomics uses top -down approach in study.

Unit 3: Microeconomics Short question: 1, What is microeconomics concerned with?  Microeconomics is concerned with the decisions made by consumers, workers, investors, business firms and so on. 2, What does consumer theory describe/ indicate?  Consumers theory describes how consumers, based on their preferences, maximize their well-being. 3, What does the theory of firm describe/indicate?  The theory of firm describes how these trade-offs can be best made. 4, Give some example explaning the trade -offs made by consumers?  They trade-off current consumption for futures consumption. They trade -off the purchase of more of some goods with the purchases of less of others. 5, Give some example explaning the trade-offs made by workes?  They trade-off working now with continued education. They trade -off labor for leisure. 6, what does the term “trade-off” mean? “ trade-off” means and exchange that occurs as a compromise. (exchange between sth and sth) (Sự đánh đổi có nghĩa là trao đổi xảy ra như là một sự thỏa hiệp ) 7,what are some limits in microeconomics? The limits in microeconomics are: -the limited incomes that consumers can spend on goods and services. -the limited budgets and technical know-how that firms can use to produce things. -the limited number of hours in a week that workers can allocate to lobor or leisure. (Các giới hạn về kinh tế vi mô là: -thu nhập giới hạn mà người tiêu dùng có thể chi cho hàng hóa và dịch vụ. -ngân sách hạn hẹp và bí quyết kỹ thuật mà các công ty có thể sủ dụng để sản xuất ra -số giờ hạn chế trong một tuần mà người lao động có thể phân bố cho lao động hoặc giải trí. ) 8, give some examples explaining the trade-off made by firms? Firms must decide whether to hire more workers or build new factories or buy more machines to boost their productivities. (Công ty phải quyết định thuê thêm người lao động hay xây thêm nhà máy mới hay mua thêm máy móc mới để đẩy mạnh năng suất. ) Summary: Microeconomics is concerned with the decisions made by consumers, workers, investors, business firms and so on. There are three important themes of microeconomics + Firstly, much of microeconomics is about limits and it is about the allocation of scarce resources. In a planned economy,these allocation of mostly by the govornment. In modern market economies, consumers,workers and firms have much more flexibility and choice when it comes to allocating scarce resources + Secondly, microeconomics describes the trade-offs that consumers, workers and firm face, and shows how these trade-offs are made. -Consumer theory describes how consumes, based on their preferences,maximize their well-being by trading off the purchase of more of some goods with purchase of less of other. -Workers theory,first,people must decide whether and when to enter the workforce; second, workers face trade-offs in their choice of employment; finally,workers must sometimes decide how many hours per week they wish to work thereby trading off labor for leisure. - Firms also face limits in terms of the kinds of products that they can produce and the resources available to produce them + Finally, microeconomics describes how prices are determined.

Unit 1: Economics Short questions: 1, What does well-being mean? Well-being includes the satisfaction people gain from the products and services they choose to consume. 2, What is economics? Economics is the study of how people choose to use resources to satisfy their needs and wants. 3, What are two types of economics? They are macroeconomics and microeconomics. 4, Who are economists? They are people who study economics 5, What does microeconomics focus on ? Microeconomics focuses on the action of individuals and industries. 6, What does macroeconomics analyze? Macroeconomics analyzes the economic activity of an entire country or the international market place. 7, How can people benefit from studying economics? Studying economics can help people and countries become wealthy 8, What are economic relations? They are relation between producers and consumers, buyers and sellers, management and workers. Summary: Unit 1talks about economics. There are 4 main ideas. Firstly, the author introduces the definition of economics. -Economics is the study of how people choose to use resources to satisfy their needs and wants. -Economics is the study of the production and the consumption of goods and the transfer of wealth to produce of obtain those goods. Secondly, the article talks about two mian types of economics: macroeconomics and microeconomics. -Microeconomics focuses on the action of individuals and industries, like the dynamics between buyers and sellers, borrowers and leders. -Macroeconomics analyzes the economic activity of the entire country and an entire country or the international marketplace. Thirdly, It talks about 3 important economic theries. They are Adam Smith, Karl Marx and Keynes. And Finally, It talks about the benefits of studying economics. Studying economics can help people and coutries become wealthy. Free talk: 1, What do resources include? Resources include the time and talent people have available, the land, buidings, equipment, and other tools on hand, and the knowledge of how to combine them to create useful products and services. 2, What is the difference between the economic theory of Adam Smith and Marxism theory? 3, what are important choice in economics? Important choices incolve how much time to devote to work, to school, and to leisure time, how many dollars to spend and how many to save, how to combine resources to produce goods and services , and how to vote and shape the level of taxes and the role of government. (Các lựa chọn quan trọng bao gồm khoảng thời gian dành cho công việc, đến trường và thời gian giải trí, bao nhiêu đô la để chi tiêu và bao nhiêu để tiết kiệm, cách kết hợp tài nguyên để sản xuất hàng hóa và dịch vụ, cách bỏ phiếu và hình thành mức thuế và vai trò của chính phủ.) 4, what are factors of production? They are inputs that produce the output of a society. (Chúng là các đầu vào nhằm tạo ra một đầu ra cho xã hội. )

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